Ma’lumki, tinish belgilari, bir qarashda ko’zga tashlanmasa-da, chuqur mohiyat kasb etgani uchun tilning muhim qismlaridan hisoblanadi. Chunki ular gapning mazmunini va urg’usini o’zgartirish qudratriga ega. Ingliz tilida keng tarqalgan bir misol bor:
A woman, without her man, is nothing. (Erkaksiz ayol hechkimdir.)
A woman, without her, man is nothing.(Ayolsiz erkak hechkimdir.)
Ko’rinib turibdiki, tinish belgisining joyi o’zgarishi bilan gapning ma’nosi tubdan o’zgarmoqda va gapni teskari ma’noda ifodalab qo’yish mumkin ekan. Bunday holat har bir tilda kuzatilishi mumkin.
Vergul eng ko’p qo’llaniladigan tinish belgilaridandir. Uning qo’llanish holatlari turlicha bo’lib, bu xilma-xillik til o’rganuvchilariga qiyinchilik tug’diradi. Quyida vergulning ingliz va o’zbek tillarida ishlatilish ba’zi hollari qiyoslab o’rganilgan. Verguldan quyidagi hollarda foydalaniladi:
1. Har ikkala tilda ham gapdagi uyushiq bo’laklarni ajratish uchun:
Yarim soat ichida tug‘ilib, o‘sib, yashab, umr ko‘ribo‘tguvchilar bor. (G‘.G‘ulom)
There is a rugged, fabulous, exotic, colourful and magnificent land behind those mountains.
2. Undalmani ajratishda:
Oq ilon, oppoq ilon, oydinda yotganing qani? (Qo‘shiqdan)
Children, raise your hands when you do not understand.
3. Kirish so‘z, kirish birikma va kirish gaplardan so’ng:
Ma’lumingiz, kechalari bo’sh bo’laman, shuning bilan birga otangiz qaysi vaqtni ixtiyor qilsalar ijobat etishdan o’zga choram bo’lmas. (A.Qodiriy)
Rivoyat qilishlaricha, bu uy o’rnida avvalari qabriston bo’lgan ekan.
Men sizga aytsam, har gulning hidi boshqa.
However, I must give my reader a few ideas about the life of the people of Lilliput.
He was, after all, an honorable man.
They were all, I would say, honorable men.
Har ikkala tilda ham kirish kengaytiruvchilari va undalma gapning boshida kelsa, vergul ulardan keyin, gap orasida kelsa, har ikkala tarafdan, gap ohirida kelsa, ulardan oldin qo’yiladi.
4. Kishilarning mansabi, ilmiy darajasi va unvoni ajratib izohlanganda:
D. M. Ergashev, filologiya fanlari doktori, professor.
Julia Herman, Ph. D., professor of social work
5. Ajratilgan izohlovchini belgilash uchun:
Bu holatda ingliz tilida verguldan foydalanamiz, o’zbek tilida esa verguldan ham, chiziqchadan ham foydalansa bo’ladi.
Buni soat o’n ikkida, dars boshlanishidan oldinaytmoqchiman.
Ustozim — Saodat opa Toshkentda tug`ilgan.
His only pet, Oscar, turned out to be much more loyal than all the friends around him.
6. Undov so’zlardan keyin:
Ie, ie, kimni ko’ryapman.
Oh no, I can’t believe that it is snowing here again.
Har ikkala tilda ham his-hayajon kuchli bo’lsa, vergul emas undov belgisidan foydalaniladi.
7. Bog’langan qo’shma gaplar tarkibidagi sodda gaplar o’zaro -u(-yu), -da yuklamalari yordamida bog’langanda:
Qattiq izg’irin ko’tarildi-da, hech kimni uydan chiqarmay qo’ydi.
Odam qo’li tegdi-yu, tashlandiq yerlarni obod qildi.
Biroq ingliz tilida bog’langan qo’shma gap tarkibidagi sodda gaplar xech qanday bog’lovchilarsiz bog’lansa, nuqtali verguldan foydalaniladi.
The moon is ful; the stars are out.
Call me tomorrow; I will give you my answer then.
8. Sodda gaplar zidlov bog’lovchilari va -u(-yu), -da yuklamalari yordamida bog’langan qo’shma gaplarda:
Odam tilga kirishi uchun ikki yil kifoya, lekintilini tiyib turishni o‘rganishi uchun oltmish yil kerak bo‘ladi. (R.Hamzatov)
Havo ochildi-yu, harorat sezilmadi.
Bobolardan so‘zladim, ammo bir zot borkim, baridan suyuk. (А.Oripov)
I really want to go to the work, but I am too sick to drive.
Although the President was confident of success, his advisers were not so sure, however.
9. Ayiruv bog’lovchilari yordamida bog’langan qo’shma gaplar tarkibidagi sodda gaplarda takrorlanib qo’llangan ayiruv bog’lovchisining keyingisidan oldin:
Goh paqirlab yomg’ir yog’ar, goh quyosh charaqlab ketardi.
Yo siz keling, yo men boray. (Qo’shiqdan)
Dam, atrofimdagilar tinmay asabga tegar, dam qondoshlarim ko’nglimni qoldirardi.
You can either stay here or come with us.
“Either … or”, “neither … nor” iboralari o’rtasida vergulning ishlatilishi ingliz tilida har xil fikrlar bor. Ba’zilari ishlatish kerak degan fikrni ilgari sursa, boshqalari ishlatilmasligini ta’kidlaydi.
10. Inkor bog‘lovchisi bilan bog‘langan qo‘shma gaplar orasida:
Na o‘zi o‘qidi, na birovga berdi;
There was no milk in the freezer, nor did they have money to go to the store.
Neither mother could punish that naughty child, nor could father control him.
11. Qiyoslov bog‘lovchisi bilan bog‘langan qo‘shma gaplar orasida (o’zbek tilida):
Oy tunda kerak, aql esa kunda kerak. (Maqol);
Karl is very sociable and confident while Silvia is shy and quiet.
My brother goes to school but my sister doesn’t go to school.
Ingliz tilida “esa” so’zi “while, but, and” so’zlari bilan ifodalanishi mumkin.
12. Barcha turdagi ergashgan qo’shma gaplarda ergash gapni bosh gapdan ajratish uchun:
Mustaqillikdan so’ng, shahrimiz yanada obod bo’ldi. (Gazetadan)
Kimki hayotdan olmasa ta’lim, unga o‘rgatolmas hech bir muallim. (Rudakiy)
Ingliz tilida ham ergash gapli qo’shma gaplarda bosh gapni ergash gapdan ajratish uchun vergul ishlatiladi. Biroq o’zbek tilidan kichik bir farqi shuki, ingliz tilida hokim gap tobe gapdan oldin kelsa, ularni orasiga vergul qo’yilmaydi; tobe gap hokim gapdan oldin kelsagina verguldan foydalaniladi.
Because Henry and Pascal arrived at the bus stop before 10 o’clock, Jeff did not see them at the station.
While he waited at the train station, Jeff realized that the train was late.
Quyida bosh gap ergash gapdan oldin kelgan holatda verguldan foydalanilmayapti:
Jeff did not see them at the station because Henry and Pascal arrived at the bus stop before 10 o’clock.
Jeff realized that the train was late while he waited at the train station.
Quyidagi gap bir necha tobe gapli qo‘shma gapga misol bo’lib, unda yuqoridagi qoidaga ko’ra, ergash gap bosh gapdan oldin kelgan holatda vergul qo’yilmadi, ammo bosh gapdan so’ng kelgan ergash gap hokim gapdan vergul bilan ajratilmoqda.
The moment we entered the restaurant we began to feel hungry, as the delicious smells of fine cooking reached us from the kitchen.
13. Tasdiq, inkor va shu kabi ma’nolarni bildiruvchikabi so‘z gapdan ajratish uchun:
Xa, shularning barchasi bizniki.
Yo‘q, kech qolmasdan hammangiz kelasiz.
Yes, she has been to seventy countries.
No, I can’t agree with you at this point.
Quyida ikkala tilda verguldan foydalanishdagi ba’zi farqlarni ko’rib chiqamiz.
O’zbek tilida “va” bog’lovchisidan avval vergul ishlatilmaydi. Biroq ingliz tilida uyushiq bo’laklar sanalganda so’nggi bo’lak “and” bog’lovchisi bilan bog’langanda, bu holat kuzatiladi.
Mr. Black left his money to Angelie and Boe Logan, Susan and James Johnson, Lara and Giovanni Williams, and their children.
Bu yerda bog’lovchidan oldin vergul qo’yilmasa, gapning mazmuni o’zgaradi. Gapning mazmuniga ko’ra, Janob Blek pulini nomlari tilga olingan odamlarga va barchalarining farzandlariga qoldirdi. Vergul qo’yilmasa, pul nomlari tilga olingan odamlar va ohirgi juftlikning farzandlariga qoldirilganligini anglashiladi.
Sanalarda ham ingliz tilida o’zbek tilidan farqli o’laroq verguldan foydalaniladi:
On January 14, 1973, he began to make a trip to the southern cities of the country.
Raqamlarni ajratishda ham verguldan foydalaniladi; faqat ikkala tilda turlicha maqsadlarda:
Ingliz tilida ko’p xonali sonlarni o’qishni osonlashtirish uchun, o’ngdan chapga qarab sanaganda, har uch xonadan so’ng vergul ishlatiladi. Masalan: 25,874,207 dollars.
O’zbek tilida esa odatda har uch xonadan so’ng verguldan foydalanilmaydi. Gohida katta sonlarni o’qishni osonlashtirish uchun ba’zida nuqtadan foydalaniladi. Masalan, 78705677 so’m yoki 78.705.677 so’m. Har ikkala son ham o’zbek tilida to’g’ri. Lekin bunday summalar ingliz tilida vergul bilan ajratilmasa, bu sonni qandaydir kod yoki telefon raqami deb tushuniladi.
Ingliz tilida so’zlashuvchi davlatlarda butun sonlar kasr sondan nuqta bilan ajratilsa, o’zbek tilida esa vergul yordamida ajratiladi. Masalan:
The area of Alaska is 665,384.04 square miles.
Mazkur gap o’zbek tiliga tarjima qilinganda, sonni o’zbek tilidagi qoidaga ko’ra ifodalash mumkin:
Alyaskaning hududi 665384,04 milya kvadratni tashkil etadi.
Ingliz tilida vergulni to’gri ishlatish uchun ona tilidagi vergulning qo’llanish holatlarini puxta o’rgatishimiz lozim. Bir so’z bilan aytganda, yozma nutqning mazmunini to’g’ri va to’liq tushunishda tinish belgilarining, ayniqsa, vergulning o’rni beqiyosdir.
