Difficulties and ways of translation of phraseological units with zoo-names into Uzbek and Russian

Translating a phraseological unit is not an easy matter as it depends on several factors: different combinability of words, homonymy, and synonymy, polysemy of phraseological units and presence of falsely identical units, which makes it necessary to take into account of the context. Besides, a large number of phraseological units have a stylistic — expressive component in meaning, which usually has a specific national feature the fore cited determines the necessity to get acquainted with the main principles of the general theory of phraseology.

Any type of phraseological unit can be presented as a definite micro-system. In the process of translating phraseological units, functional adequate linguistic units are selected by comparing two specific linguistic principles. These principles reveal elements of likeness and distinction, Certain parts of these systems may correspond in form and content (completely or partially) or have no adequacy.

The main types of translation of Phraseological conformities are as follows:

1. Complete conformities.
2. Partial conformities.
3. Absence of conformities.

I. Complete conformities.

Complete coincidence of form and content in Phraseological Units is met very seldom.

For example, Fish begins to stink at the hand — Рыба гниет с головы — Baliq boshidan sasiydi.

This translation of Phraseological Units is complete conformity because the image of the Phraseological Units is the same, and there is a complete coincidence of the form and of the meaning. However, complete conformities are very seldom found in two languages especially in English and Uzbek. There are some idioms that have complete conformity in Russian but in Uzbek there are no complete equivalents.

For example:

1. Crocodile tears — крокодилова слеза — yolg’on yigi, shayton yig’isi.

In the examples, we can see that in Russian Phraseological Units have complete conformities in Uzbek descriptive translation is used.

2. Not to look a gift horse in the mouth — дареному коню в зубы не смотрят — berganning betiga qarama.
3. To take the bull by the horns — взять быка за рога — xiqildoqdan olish.
4. All cats are gray in the dark — ночью все кошки серы — ko’r tovuqqa hamma buq’doy.
5. Dumb as a fish — нем как рыба — o’gziga so’k solganday jim.

The following English Phraseological Units have complete coincidence both in Uzbek and in Russian.

1. A bird of paradise — райская птица — jannat qushi.
2. As brave as a lion — храбрый как лев — sherday dovyurak.
3. Crows do not pick crow’s eyes out — ворон ворону глаз не выклюет — qarg’a qarg’aning ko’zini cho’qimaydi (Sulton suyagini xo’rlamas).
4. Like a fish without water — как рыба без воды — suvsiz qolgan baliqqa o’xshab.

Partial conformities of Phraseological Units in two languages assume lexical, grammatical and lexico-grammatical differences with identity of meaning and style. They are figuratively close but differ in lexical composition, morphological number and syntactic arrangement of the order of words. When translating Phraseological Units into Uzbek and Russian we come across phraseological Units with zoo names, which have complete conformity in Russian but Uzbek they coincided partially, and they are called Phraseological conformities. Nevertheless, they are not so numerous. It happens because of the specific features of every language.

For example, As harmless as a dove — кроткий как голубок — musichaday beozor.

In this example we can see that there is complete coincidence in Russian but partial conformity in Uzbek.

In addition, another problem there is a partial conformity of Phraseological Units in English and Russian there is an absence of conformity in English and Uzbek.

For example:

1. To buy a pig in a poke — покупать кота в мешке — biron bir narsani ko’rmasdan sotib olmoq.
2. A bull in a china shop — слон в посудной лавке — beso’naqay, qo’pol shaxs.
3. Like water of a duck’s back — как с гуся вода — parvoyiga keltirmaydi; surbet, beg’am.
4. As tender as a chicken — нежное как курятина — nozik, yumshoq tabiatli, nimjon.
5. Like a hen on a hot girdle — словно карась на сковородке — tinib-tinchimas, jonsarak, tabiati xira bo’lmoq.

There are three types of partial conformities of Phraseological Units.

a) Partial lexical conformities by lexical parameters.

1. As silly as a goose — глуп как пробка — tovuq miya.
2. The lion is not as fierce as he is painted — не так страшен черт, как его малюют — shayton, odamlar tasvirlaganidek qo’rqinchli emas.
3. As hungry as a lion — голодный как волк — bo’riday och.
4. Owl train — ночной поезд — tungi poezd.
5. Owl car — ночное такси, трамвай — tungi taksi, tramvay.
6. Kill two birds with one stone — убить двух зайцев одним выстрелом — bir o’q bilan ikki quyonni o’ldirmoq.
7. It’s pouring cats and dogs — льет как из ведра — chelaklab yomg’ir quymoq.
8. The bird of peace — голубь мира — tinchlik qushi.

b) Partial conformities by grammatical parametres.

1. Die like flies — мрут как мухи — pashshaday qirilmoqdalar.
2. To agree like cats and dogs — жить как кошка с собакой — it mushuk bo’lib yashamoq.

These examples differ to morphological arrangement number. In English nouns are in plural, in Uzbek and Russian nouns are singular.

c) Differing as to syntactical arrangement.

III. Absence of conformities.

Many English phraseological units have no phraseological conformities in Uzbek and Russian. In the first instance this concerns Phraseological Units based on “realiae” words that denote objects, phenomena a typical the certain people. (When translating units of this kind). Three types of translation are used to render units of this kind into Uzbek and Russian.

1. A verbatim (word for word) translation.
2. Translation by analogy.
3. Descriptive translation.

A verbatim translation is possible when the way of thinking in the Phraseological Units does not bear a specific national feature.

1. White crow — белая ворона — oq qarg’a.
2. Beef tea — мясной бульон — go’shtli bulon, sho’rva.
3. Puss in boots — кот в сапогах — etik kiygan mushuk.
4. The flying horse — крылатый конь Пегас — uchar ot Pegas.
5. Nest of singing birds — гнездо певчих птиц — sayrogi qushlar ini (nickname of the poets of the epoch of Queen Elizabeth I).
6. Chicken soup — куриный бульон — tovuq sho’rva.

Translation by analogy. This way of translating is resorted to when the image of Phraseological Units is different but the meaning is the same and when Phraseological Units in the Source language has a specific national realiea. It should be translated by a Phraseological Units that contain a word pf national coloring in the Target language.

1. Albatross around one’s neck — камень на шее — bo’yniga bo’yntiriq ilmoq.
2. A snake in the grass — коварный, скрытый враг — makkor, yashirin, pinhoniy dushman.
3. One’s ewe lamb — единственное сокровище; единственное дитя — ko’zining oqi qorasi.
4. Cry stinking fish — выносить сор из избы — yomon tovuq xirmon oshor, o’z sirini o’zii ochar — yudagi gapni ko’chaga olib chiqmoq.
5. When pigs fly — когда рак свистнет — qizil qor yoqqanda.
6. Till the cows come home — после дождичка в четверг — tuyaning dumi erga tekkanda.

Descriptive translation is a translation of Phraseological Units by a free combinations of words. It is possible when a Phraseological Units has a particular national feature and has no analogue in the language in the language it is translated into.

1. Cock and bull story — небылица — uydirma, to’qima cho’pchak.
2. While elephant — обременительное или разорительное имущество, обуза; подарок, от которого не знаем, как избавиться — malol keladigan sovg’a.
3. Calf’s teeth — молочные зубы — sut tishlar.
4. Soup and fish — вечерний костюм — kechalarda kuyiladigan libos.
5. To see snakes — напиться до белой горячки — jinni bo’lishgacha ichib olish.

Thus, article reveals that the usage of the phraseological units with zoo-names makes the speech more vivid, expressive and emotive. Phraseological units cannot be understood directly as they carry special meanings. Phraseological units with zoo-names are used in all spheres of human activity, including literature and art.

References:

1. Азнаурова Э. С. и др. «Translation — theory and practice». Ташкент, «Укитувчи», 1989.
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3. Арнольд И. В. «Лексикология современного английского языка». Москва, «Высшая школа», 1973.
4. Гинзбург, Хидекель «Лексикология английского языка». Москва, «Высшая школа», 1979.
5. Комиссаров В. А. «Теория перевода». Москва, «Высшая школа», 1969.