Historiography international relations in Mediterranean Sea region and Carthage



The history of international relations and diplomacy has a centuries-old history. From the ancient times to the present, events and processes are characterized by their complexity and sophistication. Global policy issues have always attracted researchers from different countries. To understand the features of the modern system of public relations, you need to know the historical evolution and roots of this system. A thorough study of the situation in the system of public relations in a particular historical period is an urgent problem for researchers. Different internal and external factors influenced the development of international relations. The geopolitical capacity of the countries in the region and the practical implementation of their foreign policy have had a significant impact on the formation of a common international situation. The Mediterranean region has traditionally played an important role in determining the status of world politics.

Foreign researchers, historians, and politicians have been studying and evaluating the role of the Mediterranean in the process of formation of the public relations system in historical conditions of the ancient world. These publications play a crucial role in covering the socio-economic and political situation in the history of international relations and the internal and external factors affecting the Mediterranean Sea.

The analyzed literature can be grouped according to their content and characteristic features.

The first group publishes generalized publications on the history of international relations. Such books are authored by A. Bokshanin, I. Stuchevsky, A. Khalliyev, H. Delbryuk, G. V. Kamsenskaya, O. Kolobov, E. Solovyova and others [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. In its turn, certain countries in the Mediterranean region have been actively engaged in foreign policy. It is best to study these countries separately. For example, A. Volkov, O. R. Gerni, G. Markou, D.Harden, Y. B. Sirkin, I. Sh. Shifman, V. Erlihman, L. Cottrell's works [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16].

The international situation that existed in the Mediterranean in the ancient times can not be imagined without the foreign policy of ancient Greece and ancient Rome. B. G. Gofurov, L. A. Elnitsky, F. Zeleniskiy, V. Kuzishina, S. L. Lure, S. L. Utchenko, in their research works in the Middle East [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23].

Finally, the tragedies and wars that have taken place in the region under investigation, such as the Puni wars, VV Volkov, E. Dridi, M. B. Eliseyev, I. Sh. Korablev, R. Maylz, N. Mashkin, I. L. Mayak, K. A. Revyako, I. Sh. Shifman, B. H. Warmington [24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35].

Carthage. A country with more than two thousand years ago and with unlimited possibilities. Richness and power enabled the Phoenicians to move to the northernmost part of Africa and to build a mighty empire that oversaw the entire Mediterranean region for 600 years. In the ancient world, many important discoveries outside of this empire and beyond its borders are directly related to Carthage. One of them is a magnificent maritime harbor that can accommodate hundreds of ships. It was the basis of the strongest fleet of the Ancient times.

«The ships are just as flying as they are wing. Those who saw them said, «Carthage is here». But in the Carthage Heaven, dark clouds began to gather. Because in the region there was a worthy opponent. The world has not yet seen such a mighty empire. It was Rome.

«The Romans considered Karfagen a spear that targeted the hearts of their empires» [36]. Only one of them could be victorious in this clash. The defeated state was swept away from the earth.

Carthage ruled the Mediterranean Sea for about 200 years. But his rival, near the north coast, was exacerbated. It was Rome. The island of Sicily, a pillar of the Mediterranean Sea, turned into a battlefield [37].

«Carfagen was in a very comfortable position to develop trade. But he also wanted to get the island of Sicily. Why? Because it is on the world's largest trade route. Whoever was captured in Sicily, the vital trade route was under his control. The Romans knew that Carthage was a wealthy state, and he was trying to sweep him away. Karfagen responded, «No, we were the first to come here».

The history of the Mediterranean Sea is the history of cooperation between different cultures, states, and civilizations, and they have fought to dominate the spaces. In these places, the main ways of trade and cultural exchange between different nations were passed. At the same time, it is the history of peoples who exist in the Mediterranean region. Knowing the history of this region will allow you to properly understand the development of a number of civilizations, thereby understanding the entire civilization of the West.

The role of the Mediterranean region in the system of public relations was particularly significant during the Roman and Carthage era. From its inception to the acquisition of the status of a powerful state, Roman Rome pursued an active foreign policy. The geopolitical aspirations of ancient Rome both in the Empire and throughout the whole of the Mediterranean Sea covered the interests of Carthage. The struggle between the two countries was also carried out in dry land. The competitor countries have mobilized all their capabilities for this struggle. In addition, Rome and Carthage tried to create a vast circle of diplomacy allies. Not only the armed forces of the states, but also their diplomacy, played a major role in the Mediterranean region.

Puni wars, known as Rome and Carthage, are the highest peaks of the sharpest struggle for dominance in the Mediterranean region. In the Puni wars, the two worlds had two policies. The unresolved conflicts between states have led to these wars.

Литература:

1. XollievA. Xalqaro munosabatlar va diplomatiya tarixi. — Т., 2014;
2. Бокщанин А. Г. История международных отношений и дипломатии в древнем мире. -М. 1948;
3. Дельбрюк Х. История военного искусства в рамках политической истории. — Пер. с нем. — Т. 1 «Античный мир». — М., 1936;
4. История дипломатии. -М. 1959, Т.1;
5. История международных отношений. Основные этапы с древности до наших дней/ Под ред. Г. В. Каменской, О. А. Колобова, Э. Г. Соловьева.. — -М., Логос, 2007;
6. Межгосударственные отношения и дипломатия на Древнем Востоке. -М., 1987.
7. Волков А. В. Загадки Финикии. –М., 2004;
8. Волков А. В. Карфаген. Белая империя черной Африки. — М., 2004;
9. Герни О. Р. Хетты. -М. 1987;
10. Маркоу Гленн. Финикийцы / Пер. с англ. К. Савельева. — М.: Гранд-Фаир, 2006;
11. Харден Дональд. Финикийцы. Основатели Карфагена. — М.: Центрполиграф. 2004;
12. Циркин Ю. Б. Мифы Финикии и Угарита. — М.: ООО «АСТ», Астрель, 2003;
13. Циркин Ю. Б. От Ханаана до Карфагена. — М.: ООО «АСТ», 2001;
14. Шифман И. Ш. Финикийские мореходы. — М.: Наука, Главная редакция восточной литературы, 1965;
15. Эрлихман В. Финикийцы: наследство морских царей // «Вокруг света», № 12 (2795), 2006;
16. Котрелл. Л. Во времена фараонов –M. 1982
17. Гофуров Б. Г. Цибукидис Д. И. Александр Македонский и Восток. -М. 1980;
18. Ельницкий Л. A. Возникновение и развитие рабства в Риме в VIII—III вв. до н. э. — M., 1964;
19. Зелинский Ф. Ф. Римская республика / Пер. с пол. Н. А. Папчинского. — СПб.: Алетейя, 2002;
20. История Древней Греции. Под.ред. В. И. Кузищина. -М., 2001;
21. История Древней Рима. Под.ред. В. И. Кузищина. -М., 2002;
22. Лурье С. Я. Афины и Карфаген // Вестник древней истории. 1947. № 3;
23. Утченко С. Л. Древний Рим. События, люди, идеи. -М., 1969.
24. Волков А. В. Карфаген. Белая империя черной Африки. — М., 2004;
25. Дриди Эди. Карфаген и Пунический мир/ Пер. Н. Озерской. — М., 2008;
26. Елисеев М. Б. Вторая Пуническая война. — М.: Вече, 2018;
27. Кораблев И. Ш. Ганнибал. — М.: Наука, ГРВЛ, 1976;
28. Майлз Ричард. Карфаген должен быть разрушен. — М.: ООО «АСТ», 2014;
29. Машкин Н. A. Последний век Пунического Карфагена // ВДИ, 1949, № 2;
30. Машкин Н. А. Карфагенская держава до Пунических войн // Вестник древней истории. 1948. № 4;
31. Maяк И. Л. Социально-политическая борьба италийских общин в период Ганнибаловой войны // ВДИ, 1963, № 4;
32. Ревяко К. А. Пунические войны. — Минск: Университетское, 1988;
33. Шифман И. Ш. Возникновение карфагенской державы. — М.—Л., 1963;
34. Шифман И. Ш. Карфаген. — СПб.: Изд-во СПбГУ, 2006;
35. WarmingtonB.-H. Carthage. — L., 1960.
36. Jean MacIntosh Turfa, Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania musem. Как создавались империи. Карфаген. https://youtu.be/8-flxzJ_SwM.
37. Ашери Д. Карфагеняне и греки // Кембриджская история древнего мира. Т. IV: Персия, Греция и Западное Средиземноморье ок. 525–479 гг. до н. э. М., 2011, c. 888.