Hunting tools of hunting birds



The article is devoted to the types, manufacture and use of hunting weapons, which have lost their place as a profession since 1930s. Since then, falconry survived only as a traditional craft, not as a profession. Only at the time when serious attention to the culture of nomadic peoples began to take place, did Kyrgyz identity once again become one of the urgent issue. The main purpose of the study is to determine the traditional types, devices, features and differences of weapons used in hunting. The principle of historicism, historical objectivity, empirical (description, classification, observation, analysis, comparison, collection, restoration of old things, etc.), used in Kyrgyz ethnology to achieve the goals and tasks) methods were used. In the course of research many types of weapons used in hunting, traditional methods of their manufacture, were found not to be preserved. Including, the art of deception has almost disappeared. The results showed that the high problem is one of the least studied scientific topics and requires thorough, broad and comprehensive research. The results of the study can be used by historians, ethnographers, orientalists, Kyrgyz scholars, writers and art historians in their works.

Key words: Kyrgyz falconry hunting, hunter, weapons, birds of prey, falcon hood, gloves, perches, lures, peculiarity.

Early 2000s saw not only by the development of technological means, but also by years when, within the framework of globalization, each nation paid special attention to its past, history and culture. In the 20th century, virtually forgotten material and spiritual cultures again became important issues, in connection with which many events of the republican and international level are organized and held. In particular, the World Nomad Games held in 2014, 2016 and 2018 proved the great place and role of the nomadic Kyrgyz culture in world culture and showed that it never loses its relevance. And the identity of the Kyrgyz was recognized not only as a game of nomads, but also as a source of additional profession, food and income.

In order to achieve the goal of determining the types, forms and uses of equipment used in the Kyrgyz Republic, the emergence, rules and customs used in hunting, as well as their place and role in modern society, are established.

Use of eagles and falcons for hunting was widespread among the nomadic peoples of Central Asia from ancient times and was very popular at that time. Scientists note that hunting began in Eastern countries four thousand years ago [25, p. 4]. It is known to be well developed in the Kyrgyz culture as well [4, p. 178]. Nevertheless, works related to the Kyrgyz hunting are found only in certain amount of researches. On the contrary, despite the fact that in historical sources, ethnographic publications there is less information about Kyrgyz origin, many works are found in fiction literature. On a scientific basis in the Soviet period M. T. Aitbaev [3], D. O. Aitmambetov [4] provided general information about the Kyrgyz hunt, Simakov [24, 25, 26], D. Rysaliev [31] published scientific works on birds of prey, especially peregrine falcons.

Equipment used to catch hunting birds was discovered by ethnographers back in Soviet times: in 1928 N. P. Dyrenkova, I. Starkinkevich — 77 items; In 1948–1955, S. Abramzon — 75; In 1971–1976 Simakov and L. A. Firstein donated about 300 objects to the collection of the Peter the Great Museum of Archeology and Ethnography in Moscow. An analysis of museum artifacts revealed four types of falcon hoods, three types of gloves, four types of perches [24, p. 23].].

One of the reasons for the appearance of hood in the works of ethnographers L. Ya. Sternberg, G. N. Simakov is that nomadic peoples considered birds as a religious-magical cult, warriors, army and treated them as warriors [30, p. 717–740; 26, p. 6; 28, page 72]. Therefore, people who developed falconry made hoods in accordance with their worldview and national peculiarities.

There is extensive information about birds of prey, their species and Kyrgyz falconers in the epic «Manas» and in fiction and journalistic works by S. Ryskulov [22], J. Medetov [17], M. Kydyrbay [19] and others.

The study of weapons used in the Kyrgyz hunt requires study based on several methodological principles and methods. One of the main methodological principles of historical science is the principle of historicism. In accordance with this principle, historical facts, the course of events and all aspects of their development should be studied consistently. Method of historical objectivity takes a special place in the study. This is due to the fact that the described weapons should not be overrated or underestimated, should not be imposed on others and should not be interpreted as anything else. The above principles allow a comprehensive analysis of the subject of the study.

Kyrgyz hunting study is carried out at classification level by linking certain elements of a particular type or comparing some similarities of the methods used, and it serves as an ethnographic text. In addition, empirical methods of collecting field materials (description, classification, observation, analysis, comparison, collection of ancient artifacts, restoration, etc.) are widely used [10, p. 68–78]. Although several types of hunting weapons were donated to museums in Soviet times, their illustrations were made later, and some were completely ignored. Therefore, a redescription and historical comparative analysis of museum exhibits was carried out. Furthermore weapons were discovered during a field expedition for weapons for catching birds of prey. In particular, the collections were replenished by a variety of weapons related to the subject found in new field materials.

Hunting is a widespread trade profession among nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples, sports pastime, Amateur [1, p. 30]; [2, 318-b.], since meat consumed in everyday life and is a source of income (precious skins), preparation for hunting, rituals, beliefs were carried out. For example, the Kyrgyz people Bayan — patron of birds and Taigans [29, p. 196] and Karategin Kyrgyz called the Piri of hunting and hunting brother of the prophet David khazreti Zamchi Palvan. Mutual hunting rules were also observed. Thus, it is considered that the uuga leaves on Tuesday, and the exit on Friday becomes impossible [12, p.78. in the highlands, the Kyrgyz went hunting or hunting [7, p. 4].]. Of particular interest are shumkars and sores of the Russian Tsar Alexey Romanov in the Kyrgyz-Kipchak languages: Bumar (TUMAR), Aidar, Adragan, Kyzylbay, Arbas, Alay, Islan Bey, etc. b.-P. 28, 75-b. from 1999 to 2000.

More than twenty types of weapons and tools were mainly used in the maintenance and care of Sayat birds. For example: a blind (short) belt, a long belt, a glove, a bait, or a dulba (a leather bag that holds bird food). On winter days, meat prepared for poultry was tied to the body of a horse, tied to food, or hung in tons on a belt, boat), Tuur, dulbas (used for feeding birds ducks over water, geese). In 2006, a Museum was opened in the city. In the Semitic section of the epic Manas, the courage Of the semetei Anga is described as follows:"... The elephant covered the skin / bit a fly / hit it with a whip / stabbed it / shot a gun at the villain / loudly chanted / made of gold / tied / passed in a Dagger» [23, p. 103. []), a net (a tool for catching wild birds), a collar, bristles (used for «taming» birds), a throat, a ring, a blanket (worn on cold days or during bird diseases), limbs, a register (put on bird rings artfully made of leather or silk, so that predatory animals can not injure or bite). Many more were used by Kazakh oil workers) [16, p. 423 [], a pipe (hemp, a device for draining water in the mouth in case of bird disease), a wrist (a tool for hanging the throat taken from the head when birds hit), a tent, a tent, a house, scissors (among hunters-hunters, the bird was also called burning). Instead of the rest of the wing and tail of the bird, other wings or tails are cut out and fixed. The reason is that birds left on the tail stalk lose their speed and sharpness (p. 32, 6–7).] small and large items such as a pestle, a noose (to catch birds accustomed to trees, they held them as they held their necks, lighting a candle on one side, increasing the intensity of the bird), weapons were necessary for catching birds.

Now let's focus on each of the weapons. In order not to injure himself with sharp claws, he immediately put on their wings, keeping wild birds and eagles in a net or tights. The eagle or bird that saw nothing in the eyes calmed down. A wild bird or eagle caught in the sea spent most of its life with a bear. Under these conditions, more and more birds that wanted to be free broke down, even if they were accustomed to the lake, gave their spinal cord to the naked eye, swinging their mouthpiece, straining their riding. Therefore, in order to kill calmness in the hand and in width, the lower one was often worn [p. 20, p. 144.; P. 15, 143-b.]. Hood was also put on the head after receiving bird prey [3, p. 75.]. According to him, this year in the Batken region, a rare flower «Aigul» will begin to bloom on April 15–16, when it begins to bloom on April 15–16. The bird left the corpse only when it saw the grafted food. Of course, they strictly follow their own practices and rules developed over hundreds of years of work by hunters.

Hood is made of well-bend and cut off leather. (8, p.147) The first type consisted of the head, eye place, back of the neck, scattering and the dewlap. The location of the bird's beak was also taken into account. Cold, silver and copper colored iron were used to carve around hood to make it more expressive and beautiful. Not everyone was able to sew Tomogo. The first reason is that Hood should cover the bird's eyes and it should not damage. Secondly, if it was stitched bigger it can be removed from the head of the bird or the bird may choke or sting its throat if it was stitched smaller. So its seams were taken into account. It is sewn vertically to the beak so that the seams do not come in front of the eye. The sides of the occiput are also removed, and the sides of the occiput are folded in two, and they are sewn vertically to each. The scattering consists of two strips together and placed slightly tilted to the side of the neck. The beak is attached on both sides to the front of bird's throat. All of the seams were left out. It will be marked before sewing to make the seams more slightly and expressive. (7, p.4)

The second type consists of the parts mentioned in first type. The difference in the appearance and beauty is that the sides of the beak, the back of the neck are shot straight, not vertically. The scattering is divided into some parts and it is situated in the middle of Hood's head. Another difference of this neckline is that it is sewn from a thin strap. G. N. Simakov noted that this type is the best one. (24, p.27)

The third type is simplified, where the occipital edge is not sewn. The need for the back of the neck was not taken into account, because Hood's head was sewn high and it was sat well on the birds head. Although it resembled the first Hood's in appearance it was made without swelling and it was made easier in the back of the neck.

The fourth type is sewn from a full piece of leather. This shows the high level of tailoring of Kyrgyz craftsmen. Because the beak, the top of the eye, the head, the scattering and the back of the neck were all carefully designed, it was possible to sew a piece of leather in a short period of time. The pointed tip was first slight, and then it was lowered across the back of the neck coming diagonally toward the abdomen. Leaving only one way to sew it is sewn vertically from the scattering towards the back of the neck. The scattering is gathered together and the rope was set from the lower part to mark the eye part and the head. It was designed very conveniently. The carving is set on hood.

The fifth type of Hood, which we found in the field materials was cut into two pieces, made round, facing them and sewn missing through the tendon thread. There are fewer bumps in front of the eye. The scattering was more pointed and there were bells made of gold and silver. Of course, this valuable species of Hood was made for the red falcons of famous people. In some cases, Kazakh monks used a diamond shaped cross- section instead of a scattering

S. Ryskulov, in his work describes that Hood was decorated with silver, white, blue, red ropes, and the scattering like the form of Kalpak was set on the top (22, p.30) As you can see, the scattering was made not only with ribbon, but also it was made of coloured ropes. Therefor, although we have named only about five types of hood, the masters continued to make them according their abilities. The reason is that the craftsmen, based on their own experience, made Hood in various guises, as well as using a variety of handicrafts and sacks to enhance festivities.

One of the main tools for catching birds is a leash. It was made so that the bird would not fly away. Like hood, it was also used to keep the bird calm. It is known that the rope was made on two types according to the above evidence. For example, lane straps (short) and long straps. Lame straps is 1, 1.5 meters and the long straps were made as long as possible, thirty to sixty meters long, as they were used to train the bird. The long straps is of course, made of string rope or twine.

As it is said that using the long straps is a way to train birds or to prevent them from escaping. Because the main task of the falconer is to feed the bird by hand, and to train it. The bird, which had eaten the prey, flew in from all directions at the call of its owner. Of course, it depends on the method, experience and creativity of the falconer. For example, some falconers have been taught birds to eat only at home. This was typical only for the birds which were caught when they were chicks.

The laces are made of strongly bent leather. This is because the strap must be so soft as not to injure the bird's foot. With the help of this blind cord, the Falconer put the bird on his hand, in order to train and bring it closer to him. One end of the rope is always in the Falconer's hand or tied to the saddle so that it can be quickly removed.

The blind strap is made of raw bent leather and consists of three parts (it should be noted that only high-quality, strong straps are used, the straps are not visible due to the strength of birds, especially eagles): two identical straps attached to the bird's legs, and a belt holding them together. Two straps on the bird's legs were made of small braids, and in some cases they were twisted. The bird's legs were covered with a hook that was sewn or cut. In addition, geometric patterns were made to make the belt more attractive. When the bird's legs were fastened, they were covered with soft felt. At the end are attached to a specially designed arc with a diameter of 2 cm [p. 25, 29]. The end of the strap, which is included in two loops, is tied with a ribbon so that it does not pass through the loop. Only when all this is done correctly, the bird will be safely caught.

One of the most important tools for carrying a bird on your hand and on a horse is called a glove. The main function of the glove is to protect the hand from the sharp claws of the bird. The gloves are made from malt and sewn from several types of thick hides of cattle. It is made from the fingers to the elbow, and sometimes to the shoulders. The bird moved from the fingers to the elbows depending on the gait of the person or horse. Therefore, the hand should be right at the elbow to make it easier for the bird to land. Otherwise, the bird may try to recover and may get injured. Gloves are indispensable when depriving a bird of prey. This is because the bird, used to eating food by hand, immediately threw itself on its gloves as soon as it saw it. In short, it is impossible to catch a bird without gloves, take it out to hunt, signal its release, or separate it from its prey. Because trained dogs and Taigans do their best to please their owners, and birds attack their prey just for food.

When feeding the birds, he put a glove on his left hand, took the bird and fed it with his right hand. Some falconers have adapted the sound of surnay, Kerney, drums, or other instruments to feed the birds. The secret is that when the bird could not catch its prey and went in search of other prey, it heard the sound of the instrument and turned back.

The first type of glove was made from the skin removed from the neck of a mountain goat. First, it doesn't take much time to cut and sew the leather. Secondly, gloves are worn over the sleeves of the sheepskin coat. The back of the neck is on the shoulder, and the neck is on the fingers, and the thumb is covered with additional skin at three ends. To prevent the glove from falling too far, special holes were made around the edges of the glove, and two holes were drilled in the front of the glove. In this case, the glove fit snugly on the shoulder, allowing the Falconer to move smoothly. It is made of cowhide that curves from the inside of the fingers. This is done, first, to protect the claws from falling into the hands, and secondly, to warm the birds and falconers. It is also noteworthy that thin deerskin gloves were used to make the gloves.

The second type is the skin removed from the neck of a deer. The skin was well steamed and crumpled, and the skin was a pale yellow color. The sewing is no different from the first glove. The existing feature is that the three sides of the glove, where the four fingers are located, are adapted to the length and shortness of the fingers and are sewn 8–12 cm straight from the middle. To make it more pleasing to the eye, the fingers were divided in half, and the edges were cut off to the tips of the fingers. Unlike the previous glove, the front of the glove had four holes instead of two. Because it tightened his grip on his arms. The inner part of the glove is made of crumpled leather and felt.

The third type of gloves is less complex than the two main ones, and the fingers are sewn in half. Otherwise, there are no differences.

The falconers have constructed specialized perches for trained eagles which are not used to stay on low surfaces. They have placed long and short, thick and round wooden on the ground (making holes then fixing a long wood on it) approximately of a meter length covered and firmly attached with the round wood at the head. The choice of thick wooden conditions for the eagles convenient setting, at the first, then also makes comfortable for them to move from one side to another. Because of that, the best falconers are trying to change the places of perches as much as possible and apart from coast, windy and noisy places.

The residents of Tuva have constructed special tents, named “chadyr” for the grasp eagles. Inside the tent a perch resembling the form of the letter T with the height of a meter is being constructed, which is also being attached with the help of a belt and is also called as “adagash” [6,496-p].

Wishing “A hunting bird stirrup leather to be strong” is a wishing of the Kyrgyz people addressed to the newlyweds on their wedding date. The meaning of the saying is interpreted as wishing the marriage Union to be strong and the bride to be obedient. This tradition is evident to have a sense. Because if A hunting bird stirrup leather is not strong and abruptive, the same as if the perch is moving from its fixed place, then problems may be in their lives.

One of the falconer’s main instrument during a hunting is a stand under the hand of hunters with a hunting bird. Because of being hard to carry an eagle with the weight from 10 to 20 kilometers on the hand without a stand (can only be done by a very strong person). That’s why it can be useful and needful for falconers. The length of the stand reaches half of a meter, and made up of not so much thick wooden, and sometimes of mountain goat horns. As well as there are no any exact directions and rules of making stands, the hunters by themselves make up them relying on their abilities and skills. Nevertheless, the following four types of such stands are known to us.

The first type is made up of mountain goats horns. Much time and experience are required for its reproduction. Some processes during a stand production as peeling and cutting demands also much time. The head of the horn is made of two sides, then internal side has an arched form, having a slot on it with а belt stirrup leather. It is then being attached to the stirrup leather. The stirrups in the middle part of the stand are tied to fix the stand at the belt. A special leather is used not to injure a bare forearm because of some weight put on it. Of course the strappings are being fixed by tying up the stirrups through the slot, made with the help of the drill. Stirrups are made up of mountain animal leathers such as goats, sheep and other mountain animals. A stand production made up of horns can be considered as a model of a high level of handicraft and hunting development. Such stands are being worked out to sit on the hand much more comfortable, then even have some totemic meaning for some falconers.

The second type of stands is made up from the round and firm wooden. On its low side is convenient for tying up. There is a slot with a rope through it tied up to the stirrup top side. Its head side is made up of iron, and also is tied up. Its elbow side has oval and wide form, comparing to that first one. The wide tape is made up from horse muscles, which is also tied up.

The third type of stands is also made of wooden, which is thickened and smoothed. Its main difference is in that its optional parts are made without much costs. Leather stirrups are tied up for its optional firming.

The fourth type is much more differs from those of three types. At the first, its low side is cut and attached with a stud, having a form of a half moon.

The residents of Tuva call stands as “merge”, producing it from fresh red fir tree stems. They covered its some parts with leather in order it to be comfortable for usage. They also make a leash at top side of the stand, then attach it to the saddle. A low side of the hunting shooter is being weaved with ribbons like a plait of a whip, then it is also tied up to the stirrup leather at the belt.

One of the another weapon for adjusting the birds for hunting and training is called “dalba” or “chyrha”. “Dalba” — is an old Kyrgyz word, denotes a feeder in the form of a bag, which is filled with grain and hung on the horse's head. The Uighurs call them as “dalbai”. Dalba by itself — is used to teach strong craftful birds to catch another small birds. Chyrha — is the Kyrgyz — Mongol word, chyreh denotes dragging. The most interesting thing after having trained an golden eagle to the hand — is a bait (to lure the golden eagle when it is on the hunt, without catching the prey, flies away). The leather of a fox filled with dried grass and tied up with a rope is being dragged by on the horse. Falconers have taken off hawk's Eyecup cap, standing by on their right hand, then waved it (cap) to the gait. Of course, such process requires much time and patience. Весаuse at first, birds are being taken from close distance, then from far distance for training and preparation.

Production was lure (bird call) was carried out depending on the creativity and experience of each hunter. So, wabilo consist of two parts: the body and tail. The simplest type of weaving, when making the body, sewed a piece of cowhide in a deaf way, sheathed it with wool, felt, thread, sheathed with the skin of animals such as marmot, badger, whose skins were very valuable, and sewed with a thin braid of raw leather. A leather belt and a Fox's tail were tied tightly to it. On the upper side of the body, a bandage was arranged, a rope was pulled, and the bird was dragged to the Ground on foot or on horseback, and the bird was tamed.

The second type of lure (bird call), inside the Fox skin itself, filled with dry grass or wool. This type of lure is quickly lost due to the fact that it stretches for a long time, with a clear representation of a live Fox. In addition to hunting skins, bird wings were also used as bait to train hunting birds. It is often tied with a long strap, which is sometimes tied to the strap.

In conclusion, it should be noted that as the main products in the training of the above-mentioned hunting birds, it took a lot of experience and time to catch and use falcons for hunting.

In fact, it is clear from the items and weapons that nomadic peoples were able to raise to the highest level of hunting. However, very little research has been done on Kyrgyz falconry, its main causes, development, weapons, and ritual. There are practically no descriptive works on items and weapons in archaeological, ethnographic, and historical Museum exhibits. It is also worth noting that Kyrgyz falconry, which has ceased to be used as a profession, is becoming a kind of game that is forgotten. Because the number of Kyrgyz hawkers is small. At the same time, efforts are being made to develop falcons in some regions of Kyrgyzstan, federations are being established, and conservation measures are being implemented.

The following practical recommendations are given for a comprehensive and in-depth study of traditional Kyrgyz falconry:

− Conduct a comprehensive study of weapons for catching birds of prey transferred from Kyrgyzstan to the Archaeological and ethnographic Museum in St. Petersburg, in particular, their description;

− In accordance with the process of globalization, bilateral agreements have been signed (Kyrgyzstan, Russia), and Russian museums have exhibits, artifacts, historical sources, etc. related to the history of Kyrgyzstan. you need to start a new activity;

− Attention and assistance at the state level to public federations trying to preserve the Kyrgyz falcons.

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