«Negation» as a term denotes an element of meaning in a sentence, indicating that the connection established between the components of the sentence does not take place in reality or that the opposite affirmative sentence is perceived by the speaker as contrary to the truth. In most cases, a negative statement is used in situations where the corresponding sentence of the statement was used earlier. Negation is one of the initially existing semantically undifferentiated connotation categories peculiar to the entire linguistic picture of the world, which cannot be defined using simpler semantic elements. Negation can be expressed in negative words, a negative prefix, or a negative verb form, or it can also not be expressed separately, i.e. as a component of the meaning of a word or the entire sentence [2; 95].
Since there is nothing negative in the subject world, therefore, negation can be considered as a tool to prohibit something or express unwillingness or disagreement with something, as well as to reject someone's opinion.
The category of negation includes the history of many centuries. The study of this category, which began by ancient Indian and Greek philosophers in the third century BC, continues its development to this day. A large number of scientific discussions that are devoted to the study of negation do not subside, in various fields.
In these approaches, only the angle of view on the problem and the component of the review analysis changes.
Change in the ways of expressing the verbal negation in the Middle and Early Hungarian Negation in Old English already took place as in any other language. If we analyze these proposals, it turns out that they consisted of several negative elements. For example: They never stop at night, nor break the unfortunate bodies. Proposals of this type are called polynegative. Polynegutivity is characteristic of the Old German languages. Double negation is a characteristic feature of vernacular. His expressiveness is not ruled out. It is used mainly in speech characteristics. Polynegutivity is created by combining a negative particle ne and a negative pronoun, adverb or union [3; 62].
The main means of conveying negation is the negative particle né, which stands before the verbs: Beon (wesan) — be; Habban — to have; Witan — know; Wiltan — want;
These Old English verbs had the following forms:
Beon (wesan) — is; weas; wearon; wiltan — witte; wolde; Habban — hadde; has; witan — wiste; Ne + is> nis Ne + weas> neas Ne + wearon> nearon, Ne + hadde> nadde, Ne + has> nas, Ne + wille> nille, Ne + wolde> noilde, Ne + wiste> niste
In addition, in Old English as an equivalent of some negative pronouns are used phrases consisting of a negative pronoun nаn or naenig with the noun man. It is also easy not to join pronouns and adverbs.
Since the times of Old English language, a tendency has been found to enhance the verbal negative particle ne with the help of another negative particle nа (nо), as a result of which the appearance of double negation was created.
By the end of the period, another amplifying particle naht (noht) appears from the negative pronoun. By the end of the 9th century, as a double negation, the verb is represented by neh naht (noht). Strengthening particles were added to the verb only when there were no other negative elements in the sentence. But it must be said that, along with the poly-negative sentences, sentences met with one negation.
Middle English period. Over time, in the English language, quite large changes appeared in the expression of negation due to the loss of the main negative particle n. At the beginning of the period, ne is used in combination with noht (not), and ne has ceased to be used independently. Since the beginning of the 14th century, as a negative particle, the era of not begins:
Allebeit I am not worth albeit I am not worth; he ya nat of that text, a pulled hen, that seith that hunters were nat holy men.
Negative particle nе and double negation with the verb nе and not finally disappeared by the middle of the 16th century.
A particle not up to the end of the 16th century stood before the verb in a personal form. Iforgot.
Negative words in Middle English were also used as in Old English. One predicative group could contain two or three negative words. For example: neschulen habben no best bute cat one — you are allowed to keep only a cat.
From the beginning of the 15th century, analytical forms of the verb Present and Past indefinite appear in the negative sentence.
- I comprehend you do not mean to go there.
- She did not weep.
In the 17th century, condensed forms of verbs with negation appear: do not, does not, will not, have not, is not, has not, shall not [1; 172].
Negation plays a major role in the content of the utterance in the context. Shades of meaning without denial can hardly be expressed. Here it is necessary to examine and consider this question, what is the significance of the use of negation in various kinds of sentence. Negation can be expressed by:
A) in the subject:
Not a single shot was heard.
Nothing can stop me, even you!
B) in the predicate:
I do not like you.
I'm not fond of playing chess.
There are two ways in which verbs form a negative form.
The first method: a certain group of verbs that is not numerous in number, they are called «special», Dr. Palmer called them «anomalous». This group forms a negative form simply by adding a particle not. In English, there are 24 personal verbal forms that obey their own laws; here are common verbs like: to have, to be, modal verbs; can, must, may, need, dare, used, ought (11 forms); verb: to do (having 3 forms), as well as modal verbs: shall, will (no two forms).
The second method: all verbs (except for 24 verbal forms) form a negative form by adding do (does) + not (for Past Indefinite Tense did + not).
A diagram that clearly reflects the principle of negation:
- NP + Special X. — NP Special Not X.
That is true. — That is not true. She hasn't swum away. — She has swam away.
- NP- Special X. = NP do (does, did) not X.
I like you. -1 do not like you. She goes there. She does not go there.
Suggestions containing Specials add negative not; A sentence that does not contain Specials is added do (does, did) + not. It would be interesting to consider complex sentences consisting of several simple ones. (The first sentence is denied). (There is a negation in the second sentence). But many of these wronged women will not help themselves, because they do not want to. (adding negation). Negation of adding verbs requires special attention, the limit of denial may include and does not include the meaning of the auxiliary verbs themselves. It is necessary to distinguish between the negation of auxiliary verbs and the negation of the main verbs [3; 76].
So, we can draw the following conclusions: in the presence of negative suffixes and prefixes, a significant majority of negative affixes make up prefixes. Many researchers note that the compatibility of negative affixes with the basics of different parts of speech varies both from language to language and within the same language.
References:
- Baker, C. L. Double Negatives. Linguistic Inquiry 1/2:, 1970. — p.169–186
- Barkhudarov L. S., Shtelling. Grammar of the English language-M.,Higher School, 1973. — 423p.
- Bondarenko V. N. Negation as a logical and grammatical category. — M., 1983. — 212 p.
- Graham, Kenneth. The Wind in the Willows. [Text] — M.: Progress, 1976. — 360p.
- Leech, G. A Communicative Grammar of English [Text] / Leech, G; Svartvik, J. — M.: 1983.- 224p.
- Murphy R. English grammar in Use [Text] / R. Murphy. Cambridge.: Cambridge University Press, 1985. — 328p.
