The article describes the history of the development of ethnic relations and economic methods in the cultural and economic regions of Uzbekistan during the Stone Age.
Keywords : Middle Zarafshan, Southern Arolboyi, Sarikamish, Shakhpakhta, Gujayli, Uzboy, Daryosoy, Mohandaryo, Central Fergana, Akchadaryo.
В статье описывается история развития этнических отношений и хозяйственных укладов в культурно-экономических регионах Узбекистана в эпоху каменного века.
Ключевые слова: Средний Зарафшан, Южный Аролбой, Сарыкамыш, Шахпахта, Гуджайли, Узбой, Дариосой, Мохандарья, Центральная Фергана, Акчадарья.
In the historical and cultural regions of Central Asia, archaeological findings related to Neolithic settlements reveal the most remarkable locations of ancient human communities. These settlements were documented in scholarly publications based on scientific analysis. The “Wise Mother” guidance highlights the emergence of new ethnic settlements in response to migration processes within newly established economic territories. While Neolithic settlements continued their activities in places where geographical features, natural conditions, and economic resources were sufficient for human needs, in some areas, migration occurred due to factors such as population density, ecological conditions, and water availability.
In the publications of researchers, it has been noted that during the Neolithic period, the ancient settlements did not extend to the distant foothills due to migration policies. For example, in terms of geography, the elevated slopes along the Oqchadaryo, Sariqamishbo’yi, and North-Eastern O’zboy riverbanks, as well as the terraced half-mountainous areas, were used for agriculture and pottery. Numerous water reservoirs, formed as a result of river meandering and sedimentation, were also present in the foothill regions. These anthropogenic landscapes, along with the organic world of water basins, provided food resources due to the accumulation of food debris. Consequently, the expansion of new territories from the O’zboy-Oqdaryo and Tuyamo’yin regions was not necessary [1,2].
The Neolithic period, characterized by significant changes in human lifestyle and economy, witnessed the emergence of new settlements in the vicinity of the Zarafshon River basin. These settlements were strategically located near the foothills of the Mohandaryo, Gujayli, Daryosoy rivers, where the water flow regime was favorable due to the higher water levels. Anthropogenic landscapes, shaped by practical knowledge and skills, played a crucial role in the daily lives of Neolithic communities [5]. Notably, the practical expertise gained from archaeological findings in the Qizilqum region and other central areas contributed to the development of these settlements. E. B. Bijanov’s research in the southern-eastern Ustyurt plateau highlighted the active presence of Neolithic communities in specific locations, where they played a significant role in shaping ethnic processes during this period [6].
According to information from scholarly publications based on archaeological findings from the central part of the Fergana Valley, Neolithic settlements were grouped and primarily engaged in animal husbandry and pottery. These settlements were located near the foothills, extending from the mountainous areas to the plains. In the Tuyabo’g’iz water reservoir area in the Tashkent Valley, Neolithic settlements were associated with pastoralism and pottery making [8]. Notably, during the transition from the Mesolithic period (Bo’zsuv 1, 2, 3; Qo’shilish), the migration of semi-sedentary settlements led to the establishment of new generations of settlements.
The migration policy of Neolithic communities in the Hisor River basin did not always adhere to geographical convenience, anthropogenic landscapes, and ecological factors. In reality, during the Mesolithic period, the ovchis (shepherds) from the Boysun Mountains migrated to the Hisor River basin, where they established settlements and increased population density. However, it is essential to note that these migrations sometimes led to interactions with other existing communities in the Hisor region [3].
During the Neolithic period in historical geographical regions, the collective efforts of Neolithic communities were instrumental in advancing social, economic, and cultural relations. These communities adapted to the natural conditions and utilized geographical resources effectively, leading to new developments during the Eneolithic era. While central and northern regions excelled in craftsmanship and pottery making, contributing to the socio-economic and cultural progress of their populations, the Kopetdag foothills and the Murgab River basin witnessed the emergence of a new era characterized by agricultural practices and knowledge of water management. The Neolithic settlements in the Kopetdag foothills and the Murgab River basin marked the initial steps toward urbanization, with subsequent innovations continuing into the Eneolithic period.
During the Neolithic period, settlements were primarily engaged in daily farming and craftsmanship. In the regions of Xorazm, Zarafshon, Tashkent, and Fergana, Neolithic communities established settlements that were not always visible due to their strategic locations near foothills and terraced areas [7]. Notably, in the Kopetdag foothills and the Murgab River basin, settlements emerged with a focus on water management and marshland utilization. Understanding the specialized knowledge of these early inhabitants in marshland agriculture is essential. The Neolithic communities in the Kopetdag foothills and the Murgab River basin were pioneers in creating settlements that prioritized water resources and sustainable living practices.
«In the Neolithic period, the economic and cultural characteristics of settlements, as observed in the lifestyles and creative directions of the mentioned communities, can be summarized as follows:
– Improved Climate Conditions and Territorial Expansion: The Neolithic era witnessed favorable climate changes, allowing for the establishment of settlements in new regions. This expansion was facilitated by the adaptation of communities to their natural surroundings.
– Ethnic Group Diversification: Ethnic settlements expanded, leading to a diverse mix of cultures and traditions. Interaction between different ethnic groups contributed to the richness of Neolithic societies.
– Population Growth: The Neolithic communities experienced population growth due to improved living conditions, agricultural practices, and resource utilization.
– Early Agricultural Practices: The transition from hunting and gathering to settled agriculture marked a significant shift. Communities engaged in farming, animal husbandry, and pottery making.
– Emergence of Basic Social Structures: Neolithic societies developed rudimentary social organization, including craftsmanship, construction techniques, and communal living.
– Advancements in Defense Mechanisms: The knowledge of defense mechanisms and the creation of material technology for protection evolved during this period» [9].
In the southwestern and northern regions of Central Asia, various tribes engaged in daily activities, each developing their unique cultural practices. While the Kopetdag, Tajan, and Murgab River basins witnessed economic development through diverse activities, these communities also flourished from a spiritual perspective [4]. Their efforts contributed significantly to the advancement of Neolithic ocieties in terms of both material progress and cultural enrichment.
– When considering the water supply in the regions of southern-western Kopetdag and the Murgab River basin, a noticeable contrast emerges in the irrigation conditions between the Lower Zarafshan, Xorazm, and Fergana regions. Initially, the Joytunlik communities diverted channels from the Geoksur River to the Tajan River basin, creating an opportunity to irrigate approximately 70–75 hectares of land [10]. In Xorazm and the Lower Zarafshan regions, the dynamic movement of the Amu Darya and Zarafshan rivers resulted in the transformation of sandy plains into water reservoirs. These reservoirs supported organic ecosystems, while their adjacent terraced areas remained arid and inhospitable. Consequently, the absence of food resources in these areas did not attract various bird and amphibian species. Despite this, the region consistently served as a hub for agricultural and cultural activities. Notably, these specific characteristics are not observed in the Kopetdag foothills and the Murgab River basin. Based on the information provided above, we can conclude as follows:
– Continuation of Socio-Economic and Ethno-Cultural Development in the Neolithic Era in Central Asia: The Neolithic period in the Central Asian region witnessed ongoing socio-economic and ethno-cultural developments, which continued into the Eneolithic era;
– Technological Advancements among Small Tribes: Small tribal communities actively engaged in technological advancements. They extracted raw materials and crafted tools, utilizing them for practical purposes. This development marked the emergence of metallurgy as a significant field;
– Distinct Strata of Metalworking Proficiency: Within the population, distinct strata emerged based on their mastery of metalworking techniques.;
– Local Innovations and Utilization of Crafted Tools: In regions such as the Kopetdag foothills, Geoksur, and the Murgab River basin, communities adapted to new territories by creating settlements. They developed irrigation channels, cultivated arable land, and utilized the resulting fertile areas for human benefit;
– Migration Patterns and Agricultural Expansion: As a consequence of migration policies, geographical boundaries expanded, leading to the establishment of agricultural settlements.
In recent times, the construction of rural settlements, agricultural culture, and the arrangement of residential areas with mud-brick walls, as well as the development of urbanization, religious sites, and general aspects of ethnic relations, has taken another step forward in the field of urban culture. During the Eneolithic period, tribal communities utilized the available opportunities for societal development in their daily lives, and this progress continued into the Bronze Age.
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